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Table 2 Questionnaires used for analysis

From: Relations between open innovation and product quality: an empirical study of Japanese electronics firms

Model construct

Mean value

Standard deviation

Identifying customer needs

 Estimation of customer needs

3.71

1.01

 Technological skills adapted with customer needs

3.87

1.04

 Flexible support for customer needs

4.11

1.08

Cooperation with others outsides

 Opportunities to develop new products with others outsides

3.68

1.42

 Systems to accept proposals from others outsides

3.40

1.32

 Capabilities to connect own technologies with technologies outsides

3.23

1.18

In-company cooperation

 Communication across departments to communicate technological knowledges

3.54

1.26

 Utilization of project teams which is across organizations

3.82

1.41

 Utilization of project teams which is across organizations

3.73

1.28

Creativity of members

 Generation of innovative ideas

3.72

0.96

 Findings about new ways to use facilities

3.80

0.95

Uniqueness of new products

 Number of novel products

3.02

1.34

 Unique specifics of new products

4.03

1.12

 Useful functions of new products

4.14

0.98